The pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) remains unknown. Several findings suggest a role for the immune system. This study aimed to evaluate immune mediators in INS by measuring plasma and urinary levels of transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF-β 1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5) and IL-8 (IL-8/CXCL8) in pediatric patients with INS and in age-matched healthy controls. Patients were divided according to their response to corticosteroids: steroid-sensitive (SS, n= 8), or steroid-resistant (SR, n= 24). Immune mediators were also compared in regard with disease activity (relapse and remission). Immune mediators were measured by ELISA. Plasma TGF-β 1 levels in SR patients were approximately 2.8-fold higher than control values (p< 0.05). Urinary IL-8/CXCL8 was 2.9-fold higher in INS patients in relapse (proteinuria> 100 mg/m 2/24 h) when compared with patients in remission (p< 0.05), and levels had a positive correlation with individual proteinuria values (p< 0.05). Urinary IL-8/CXCL8 was significantly higher in relapsed SR than in SS patients in remission. No changes in MCP-1/CCL2 and RANTES/CCL5 levels were detected. Our findings suggest that IL-8/CXCL8 and TGF-β 1 are involved in the pathogenesis of INS: IL-8/CXCL8 associated with local changes in glomerular permeability and TGF-β 1 could be related to worse response to corticosteroids.